Matter
As we look at our surroundings,we see a large variety of things with different shapes,sizes and textures.Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named matter.In other words,matter is something which has mass,occupy volume,can have physical resistance,inertia and can be realised by the sense organs.
Characteristics of Matter
i.Matter is made up of very small particles that are beyond our imagination.
ii.The particles have space in between them,called the intermolecular space.
iii.They continuously moving,i.e., they possess kinetic energy.
iv.They attract each other.The force of attraction responsible for keeping them together is called intermolecular force.
v. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.
Particles of Matter
Atoms:An atom is the smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist independently and retain all its chemical properties i.e., takes part in chemical reaction.
Molecules:A molecules is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.It can be defined as the smallest particle of an element or a compound that is capable of independent existence and shows all the properties of that substance.
molecules type
Homomolecules: These are the molecules of an element constituted by same type of atoms e.g., oxygen O2,nitrogen N2.
Heteromolecules: In these molecules,atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions e.g., water(H2O) Ammonia(NH3).
States of Matter
Three different states-
The solid State
>In this state of matter,the substances have definite mass,volume and shape,e.g., woods pen, mobile.
>The intermolecular space in between the constituent particles of solid state is small,but the intermolecular forces are strong.
>The constituent particles such as atoms,molecules or ions can not move but can only oscillate about their mean position.this is the reason why solids are incompressible and rigid i.e.,have definite shape and size.
Classification of solids
Crystalline Solids they consist of a large number of crystals.In crystal,the arrangement of particles is regular e.g., sodium chloride quartz,diamond.
Amorphous Solids They consist of particles of irregular shape.The arrangement of particles in amorphous solid is disordered. e.g., glass rubber and plastics. Amorphous solids are also called pseudo solids or supercooled liquids.
The Liquid State
>The substances have no fixed shape but have fixed volume.
>They take up the shape of the container in which they are kept e.g., water,milk,oil.
>Liquids flow and change their shape ,so they are not rigid and are called fluids(Substance which can flow).
>Inter molecular force are no longer strong to hold the particles together,that's why they are less densely compressed.
The Gaseous State
>Matter have no fixed shape and volume.They only occupy the shape and size of the container in which they are kept.e.g., Hydrogen,Oxygen.
>The intermolecular spaces between the molecules are very large.This is the reason that gases are highly compressible as compare to solids and liquids.
Two more states of matter-
Plasma
It consist of super energetic and excited particles.These particles are in the form of ionised gases.The fluorescent tube(filled with helium or any other gas) and neon sign bulbs(filled with neon) consist of plasma.The sun and the stars glow because of the presence of plasma in them.
Bose-Einstein Condensate(BEC)
This state is named after the name of scientists Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density,about one-hundred-thousandth the density of normal air,to super low temperatures.
Diffusion
The process of intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.e.g., on adding of ink into water.
On heating ,the speed of particles increases which results in more intermolecular space or less intermolecular forces,thus diffusion become faster. that's why the smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away.
As we look at our surroundings,we see a large variety of things with different shapes,sizes and textures.Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named matter.In other words,matter is something which has mass,occupy volume,can have physical resistance,inertia and can be realised by the sense organs.
Characteristics of Matter
i.Matter is made up of very small particles that are beyond our imagination.
ii.The particles have space in between them,called the intermolecular space.
iii.They continuously moving,i.e., they possess kinetic energy.
iv.They attract each other.The force of attraction responsible for keeping them together is called intermolecular force.
v. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.
Particles of Matter
Atoms:An atom is the smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist independently and retain all its chemical properties i.e., takes part in chemical reaction.
Molecules:A molecules is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.It can be defined as the smallest particle of an element or a compound that is capable of independent existence and shows all the properties of that substance.
molecules type
Homomolecules: These are the molecules of an element constituted by same type of atoms e.g., oxygen O2,nitrogen N2.
Heteromolecules: In these molecules,atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions e.g., water(H2O) Ammonia(NH3).
States of Matter
Three different states-
The solid State
>In this state of matter,the substances have definite mass,volume and shape,e.g., woods pen, mobile.
>The intermolecular space in between the constituent particles of solid state is small,but the intermolecular forces are strong.
>The constituent particles such as atoms,molecules or ions can not move but can only oscillate about their mean position.this is the reason why solids are incompressible and rigid i.e.,have definite shape and size.
Classification of solids
Crystalline Solids they consist of a large number of crystals.In crystal,the arrangement of particles is regular e.g., sodium chloride quartz,diamond.
Amorphous Solids They consist of particles of irregular shape.The arrangement of particles in amorphous solid is disordered. e.g., glass rubber and plastics. Amorphous solids are also called pseudo solids or supercooled liquids.
The Liquid State
>The substances have no fixed shape but have fixed volume.
>They take up the shape of the container in which they are kept e.g., water,milk,oil.
>Liquids flow and change their shape ,so they are not rigid and are called fluids(Substance which can flow).
>Inter molecular force are no longer strong to hold the particles together,that's why they are less densely compressed.
The Gaseous State
>Matter have no fixed shape and volume.They only occupy the shape and size of the container in which they are kept.e.g., Hydrogen,Oxygen.
>The intermolecular spaces between the molecules are very large.This is the reason that gases are highly compressible as compare to solids and liquids.
Two more states of matter-
Plasma
It consist of super energetic and excited particles.These particles are in the form of ionised gases.The fluorescent tube(filled with helium or any other gas) and neon sign bulbs(filled with neon) consist of plasma.The sun and the stars glow because of the presence of plasma in them.
Bose-Einstein Condensate(BEC)
This state is named after the name of scientists Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density,about one-hundred-thousandth the density of normal air,to super low temperatures.
Diffusion
The process of intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.e.g., on adding of ink into water.
On heating ,the speed of particles increases which results in more intermolecular space or less intermolecular forces,thus diffusion become faster. that's why the smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away.
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